A dependent
clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause
or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative.
OBSERVATIONS:
"There
are two basic types of adjective clauses.
"The
first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective
clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun.
In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has
already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years
ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
"The
second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause.
It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's
thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not
ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential
because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
EXAMPLES:
§
"He
who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as
dead." (Albert Einstein)
§
"Creatures
whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more
than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts." (Clarence Day)
§
"Among
those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among
those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh." (W. H. Auden)
§
"Short,
fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really
bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
(John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)
§
"Love,
which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing
more than an inherited behavior pattern." (James Thurber)
§
"The
means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live.
Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles
and misguided men." (Martin Luther King, Jr.)
§
"The
IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information
hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that
you should print neatly." (Dave Barry)
§
"On
I trudged, past the carefully roped-off breeding grounds of terns, which
chirruped a warning overhead." (Will Self, "A Real Cliff
Hanger," 2008)
§
"The
man that invented the cuckoo clock is no more." (Mark Twain)
§
"Afterwards,
in the dusty little corners where London's secret servants drink together,
there was argument about where the Dolphin case history should really
begin." (John le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, 1977)
§
"The
man who first abused his fellows with swear words, instead of bashing their brains out
with a club, should be counted among those who laid the foundations of civilization."
(John Cohen, 1965)
CLAUSE
Ini
digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lainkepada
katabenda (Antecedent). Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan Relative
Pronoun, yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, dan that.
§ Who digunakan untuk orang
dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).
§ Whom digunakan untuk orang
dalam posisi objek (human as object).
§ Which digunakan untuk
benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human assubject/object).
§ That digunakan sebagai
subtitusi who, whom, atau which.
§ Whose digunakan untuk kepemilikan.
§ When digunakan untuk waktu.
§ Why digunakan untuk sebab.
CONTOH :
§
My
English teacher is the man who Is standing near the pillar.
§
The
house where I live is being rdwvated.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DIBAGI
MENJADI DUA MACAM, YAITU:
§
Important (defining)
adjective clause,
yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi penting bagi antecedent.
§
Unimportant (undefining)
adjective clause,
yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi yang tidak penting bagi
antecedent.
CONTOH :
Important
> Bob's brother that (who) lives in
New York is an actor.
Meaning:
Bob has more than one brother.
Unimportant
> Bob's brother, who lives in New
York is an actor.
Meaning:
Bob has only one brother.
CATATAN :
Dalam important adjective
clause, relative pronoun, seperti: who, whom, which dapat digantikan dengan that;
sedangkan dalam unimportant adjective clause tidak.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A sentence which contains just one clause is
called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex
sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent
clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun
clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
A. Adjective Clauses Perform The Same Function
In Sentences That Adjectives Do: They Modify Nouns.
§ The teacher
has a car. (Car is a noun.)
§ It’s a new
car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)
§ The car that
she is driving is not hers.
(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies
car. It’s a clause because it has a subject (she)
and a predicate (is driving); it’s an adjective clause
because it modifies a noun.)
NOTE that
adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always
follow the nouns they modify.
B. A Sentence Which Contains One Adjective
Clause And One Independent Clause Is The Result Of Combining Two Clauses Which
Contain A Repeated Noun. You can combine
two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by
following these steps:
1.
You must have two clauses which contain a repeated
noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are
two examples:
§ The book is
on the table. + I like the book.
§ The man is
here. + The man wants the book.
2.
Delete the repeated noun and replace it with
a relative pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent. See C. below
for information on relative pronouns.
§ The book is on
the table. + I like which
§ The man is
here. + who wants the book
3. Move the
relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there).
The clause is now an adjective
clause.
§ The book is
on the table. + which I like
§ The man is
here. + who wants the book
4.
Put the adjective clause immediately after
the noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun):
§ The book
which I like is on the table.
§ The man who
wants the book is here.
C. The Subordinators In Adjective Clauses Are
Called Relative Pronouns.
1.
These are the most important relative
pronouns: who, whom, that, which.
These relative pronouns can be omitted
when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can
be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.
§
WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people.
It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be
the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in
academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.
§
WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people.
It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be
the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.
§
WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals
or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It
can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb
or preposition.
§
THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people,
animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be
the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a
preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative
pronouns that can follow a preposition).
2.
The following words can also be used as
relative pronouns: whose, when, where.
§
WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns
and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in Correction Symbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or
things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a
verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose
cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose:
a. The man is
happy. + I found the man’s wallet. =
b. The man whose
wallet I found is happy.
c. The girl is
excited. + Her mother won the lottery. =
d. The girl whose
mother won the lottery is excited.
§
WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in +
month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an
example with when:
a. I will never
forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=
b. I will never
forget the day when I graduated.
c.
The same
meaning can be expressed in other ways:
d. I will never
forget the day on which I graduated.
e. I will never
forget the day that I graduated.
f.
I will never forget the day I graduated.
§
WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in +
city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition
(at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:
a. The building
is new. + He works in the building. =
b. The building
where he works is new.
c.
The same
meaning can be expressed in other ways:
d. The building
in which he works is new.
e. The building
which he works in is new.
f.
The building that he works in is new.
g. The building
he works in is new.
D. Adjective Clauses Can Be Restrictive Or
Nonrestrictive.
1. A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to
identify the noun it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed
from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause changes. A restrictive
adjective clause is not separated from the main clause by a comma or
commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of
adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:
§ People who
can’t swim should not jump into the ocean.
2. A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun
it modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive
adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause
does not change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the
main clause by a comma or commas. The relative pronoun that
cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot
be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Here is an example:
§ Billy, who
couldn’t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.
E.
Adjective
clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP) must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause.
Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in two different ways depending on
the verb in the adjective clause.
1.
RP + BE = 0
§ People who
are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)
§ People
living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
§ Mary applied
for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)
§ Mary applied
for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)
2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing
§ People who
live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)
§ People
living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
§ Students who
sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)
§ Students
sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)
vanda Syava??? syava iku upu toooo
BalasHapus